Scientists And Theories Of Adult Development - 1763 Words

Scientists and Theories of Adult Development 1- Robert James Havighurst Robert Havighurst was born in 1990 in De Pere, Wisconsin. He attended public school in Wisconsin and Illinois. He earned many degrees and educational achievements. In 1918, he obtained his degree of Bachelors from Ohio Wesleyan University. He got his masters degree from Ohio Wesleyan University in 1922. Later on, he also got his Ph.D. Degree in chemistry from Ohio Wesleyan University. During 1924-1927, he worked on the structure of atom and published a number of papers in journals of physics and chemistry. In 1928, he made an important career change by deciding to work in the field of experimental education. He took a position of Assistant Professor of Physics at the University of Wisconsin and advisor in the Experimental College too. His interest in education grew and led to a period of teaching at Ohio State after by which he took a position in General Education Board of the Rockefeller Foundation as Assistant Director. He then became the Director of foundation s program supporting innovations in general education at the secondary and college levels. He was then introduced in international Adult and Continuing Education Hall of Fame. Robert Havighurst published several books in educational field such as, To Live on This Earth: American Indian Education; Developmental Tasks and Education; Leaders in American Education; Society and Education. Robert Havighurst has an important development theory. HisShow MoreRelatedAdolescence Is The Most Important Stages Of Human Development1282 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many stages that take part during human development; adolescence is one of the most important stages because it is the period that follows humans’ development from child to adult. According to Clause (2013), adolescence is broken up into biological, cognitive, and emotional stages. These aspects of adolescence are individually important because, it defines one’s personality and character as an individual and, it affects their future. Most people do not realize how big of an impact adolescenceRead MoreRole of Cognitive Development in Trying Juveniles as Adults Essay example618 Words   |  3 Pagesthe United States, you are considered an adult at 18-years old. With age comes a plethora of other privledges. You can drive at 16 with a proper drivers license, legally engage in intercourse at 17, vote and purchase cigarrettes at 18 and purchase and consume alcohol at 21. Although there is one age restriction that hasnt been set in stone. In the justice system, one may be considered an adult at 18 and be tried as such. The option of being tried as an adult hangs on many circumstances. If the individualRead MoreAdult Learning Theory: Andragogy Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesAdult Learning Theory: Andragogy The dispute of how adults learn is an ever developing subject matter since the 1920’s when adult learning became a professional field of practice (Merriam, S., 2001). Questions such as, do adults learn differently from children? Are adults able to learn quicker, independently, or in the same environment? These are just some examples of a multitude of questions that have been raised since scientists began investigating Adult Learning. I intend to clarify someRead MoreWhat ´s Eidetic Memory?957 Words   |  4 Pagesmemory occurred more in children, than adults. But upon further research, it appears there is an explanation to its gradual dissipation as one matures. Eidetic memory is more commonly found in children, because as children grow, their brains develop linguistically ,functionally, and associatively. Children’s processing of information is elementary and so the â€Å"copying† of pictures in one’s head is just a crude system of perception. As one develops, adults use words and language to understand theRead MoreThree Theories of Cognitive Development1674 Words   |  7 PagesThree Theories of Cognitive Development The Swiss psychologist and philosopher Jean Piaget (1896-1980) is well-known for his work towards the cognitive sciences. Arguably one of his most important contributions involves his theory of cognitive development. In this theory, thinking progresses through four distinct stages between infancy and adulthood. Similar in scope to Piaget’s theory is Information Processing, in which human thinking is based on both mental hardware and mental software (KailRead MoreThe Strengths and Weaknesses of the Sociocultural Perspective986 Words   |  4 Pages it is also less concrete than some of the other sciences. Over the years, social scientists have developed theories or perspectives based off of their observations, research, and the perspectives of other scientists. Although there is some overlap, each of the major perspectives of psychology is unique. As a result, they each have strengths and weaknesses and explain psychology in a different way. One theory, the sociocultur al perspective, is exactly what its name suggests. It’s the idea thatRead MoreNature Versus Nurture Research Essay: Violent Behavior1007 Words   |  4 Pagesversus nurture debate is an ongoing debate among social scientists relating to whether ones personality/personal characteristics are the result of his/her inherited genetic traits or the result of environmental factors such as upbringing, social status, financial stability, and more. One of the topics that are discussed among psychologists is the study of violent behavior among people as a whole, and in particular, individuals. Social scientists try to explain why people commit acts of violence throughRead MoreFreuds Work with Humans Relation to the Mind791 Words   |  3 Pagesknown about the development of humans in relation to the mind and what affected its development until, Sigmund Freud, made it his life work. Freud was born in Frieberg, Moravia (which is now part of the Czech Republic) in 1856. His family event ually moved to Vienna where he began his life work and remained until the last years of his life (other than WWII, as being Jewish he was allowed to leave for England, but returned after the conclusion). He always considered himself a scientist first lookingRead MoreA Study on Cognitive Psychology650 Words   |  3 Pagesthe processes that produced those behaviors scientists began to develop cognitive processing models and research methods to study cognition (Neisser, 1967). Early childhood cognitive psychology is most closely associated with Piaget and Vygotsky. Piaget. Piaget held to the theory that as a man can be, he must be. This tenet that, over time, a person unfolded what was inherent in him was the foundation of Piagets stage theories of child development (Evans, 1973). When he was just 11 years oldRead MoreEssay on Freud V Erickson1371 Words   |  6 Pagesof his professional training, was very broad - he always considered himself first and foremost a scientist, endeavoring to extend the compass of human knowledge, and to this end, rather than to the practice of medicine, he enrolled at the medical school at the University of Vienna in 1873. He concentrated initially on biology, doing research in physiology for six years under the great German scientist Ernst Brà ¼cke, who was director of the Physiology Laboratory at the University, thereafter specializing

Digital Fortress Chapter 12 Free Essays

David Becker had been to funerals and seen dead bodies before, but there was something particularly unnerving about this one. It was not an immaculately groomed corpse resting in a silk-lined coffin. This body had been stripped naked and dumped unceremoniously on an aluminum table. We will write a custom essay sample on Digital Fortress Chapter 12 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The eyes had not yet found their vacant, lifeless gaze. Instead they were twisted upward toward the ceiling in an eerie freeze-frame of terror and regret. â€Å"?Donde estan sus efectos?† Becker asked in fluent Castillian Spanish. â€Å"Where are his belongings?† â€Å"Alli,† replied the yellow-toothed lieutenant. He pointed to a counter of clothing and other personal items. â€Å"?Es todo? Is that all?† â€Å"Si.† Becker asked for a cardboard box. The lieutenant hurried off to find one. It was Saturday evening, and the Seville morgue was technically closed. The young lieutenant had let Becker in under direct orders from the head of the Seville Guardia-it seemed the visiting American had powerful friends. Becker eyed the pile of clothes. There was a passport, wallet, and glasses stuffed in one of the shoes. There was also a small duffel the Guardia had taken from the man’s hotel. Becker’s directions were clear: Touch nothing. Read nothing. Just bring it all back. Everything. Don’t miss anything. Becker surveyed the pile and frowned. What could the NSA possibly want with this junk? The lieutenant returned with a small box, and Becker began putting the clothes inside. The officer poked at the cadaver’s leg. â€Å"?Quienes? Who is he?† â€Å"No idea.† â€Å"Looks Chinese.† Japanese, Becker thought. â€Å"Poor bastard. Heart attack, huh?† Becker nodded absently. â€Å"That’s what they told me.† The lieutenant sighed and shook his head sympathetically. â€Å"The Seville sun can be cruel. Be careful out there tomorrow.† â€Å"Thanks,† Becker said. â€Å"But I’m headed home.† The officer looked shocked. â€Å"You just got here!† â€Å"I know, but the guy paying my airfare is waiting for these items.† The lieutenant looked offended in the way only a Spaniard can be offended. â€Å"You mean you’re not going to experience Seville?† â€Å"I was here years ago. Beautiful city. I’d love to stay.† â€Å"So you’ve seen La Giralda?† Becker nodded. He’d never actually climbed the ancient Moorish tower, but he’d seen it. â€Å"How about the Alcazar?† Becker nodded again, remembering the night he’d heard Pacode Lucia play guitar in the courtyard-Flamenco under the stars in a fifteenth-century fortress. He wished he’d known Susan back then. â€Å"And of course there’s Christopher Columbus.† The officer beamed. â€Å"He’s buried in our cathedral.† Becker looked up. â€Å"Really? I thought Columbus was buried in the Dominican Republic.† â€Å"Hell no! Who starts these rumors? Columbus’s body is here in Spain! I thought you said you went to college.† Becker shrugged. â€Å"I must have missed that day.† â€Å"The Spanish church is very proud to own his relics.† The Spanish church. Becker knew here was only one church in Spain-the Roman Catholic church. Catholicism was bigger here than in Vatican City. â€Å"We don’t, of course, have his entire body,† the lieutenant added. â€Å"Solo el escroto.† Becker stopped packing and stared at the lieutenant. Solo el escroto? He fought off a grin. â€Å"Just his scrotum?† The officer nodded proudly. â€Å"Yes. When the church obtains the remains of a great man, they saint him and spread the relics to different cathedrals so everyone can enjoy their splendor.† â€Å"And you got the†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Becker stifled a laugh. â€Å"Oye! It’s a pretty important part!† the officer defended. â€Å"It’s not like we got a rib or a knuckle like those churches in Galicia! You should really stay and see it.† Becker nodded politely. â€Å"Maybe I’ll drop in on my way out of town.† â€Å"Mala suerte.† The officer sighed. â€Å"Bad luck. The cathedral’s closed till sunrise mass.† â€Å"Another time then.† Becker smiled, hoisting the box. â€Å"I should probably get going. My flight’s waiting. â€Å"He made a final glance around the room. â€Å"You want a ride to the airport?† the officer asked. â€Å"I’ve got a Moto Guzzi out front.† â€Å"No thanks. I’ll catch a cab.† Becker had driven a motorcycle once in college and nearly killed himself on it. He had no intention of getting on one again, regardless of who was driving. â€Å"Whatever you say,† the officer said, heading for the door. â€Å"I’ll get the lights.† Becker tucked the box under his arm. Have I got everything? He took a last look at the body on the table. The figure was stark naked, face up under fluorescent lights, clearly hiding nothing. Becker found his eyes drawn again to the strangely deformed hands. He gazed a minute, focusing more intently. The officer killed the lights, and the room went dark. â€Å"Hold on,† Becker said. â€Å"Turn those back on.† The lights flickered back on. Becker set his box on the floor walked over to the corpse. He leaned down and squinted at the man’s left hand. The officer followed Becker’s gaze. â€Å"Pretty ugly, huh?† But the deformity was not what had caught Becker’s eye. He’d seen something else. He turned to the officer. â€Å"You’re sure everything’s in this box?† The officer nodded. â€Å"Yeah. That’s it.† Becker stood for moment with his hands on his hips. Then he picked up the box, carried it back over to the counter, and dumped it out. Carefully, piece by piece, he shook out the clothing. Then he emptied the shoes and tapped them as if trying to remove a pebble. After going over everything a second time, he stepped back and frowned. â€Å"Problem?† asked the lieutenant. â€Å"Yeah,† Becker said. â€Å"We’re missing something.† How to cite Digital Fortress Chapter 12, Essay examples

Prepare and Present Property Building Reports

Questions: (1)Identifying building styles- You are to locate three residential (houses and/or units) properties in your area, each of which with a distinctly different building style. For each property you must present a short report that: identifies the style, location and approximate age of the building includes sufficient photos of each building to clearly show the key features and construction styles contains a brief description of the key features of the buildings construction type which determines its style including any features you note that may not be typical of the style. This could be, for example, an addition or renovation that is not sympathetic to the original style. (2) Reporting property defects- This task requires you to prepare a report for a client who is a residential landlord who is considering selling an investment property you manage and wants you to advise them on the selling of the property. The report is to be prepared for your client and is to include: the purpose of the report identify the propertys building style a general statement about the condition of the building including its condition in relation to other similar buildings in the area identify three seperate defects including sufficient photos so as to clearly demonstrate the defect. For each defect you should: identify the defect describe the defect and its probable cause make additional comments about this defect that you find in your inspection recommendations to your client regarding what action they should (or shouldnt) take prior to maketing the property for sale what effect the defects you report on may have on the likely selling price of the property any remedial works you recommend in order to bring the best returns to the client sources of additional information and professional advice including recommendations for appropriate trades person or professional who the client might retain to undertake the repairs advice on the services your agency can offer to regard to managing any repairs and remedial action that needs to be taken Answer- Task 1: There are several defects arises in the old buildings, some defects are common and some are distinct or special. These defects or faults decrease the values of respective buildings. In the course of this assignment task several old building are inspected (Alter, 2003). Out of their three, most defective and faulty building is chosen. The buildings are all distinct from each other. They are all from the different period; different era, the architecture of the buildings is also very dissimilar to each other. One is from the Victorian era that is the oldest one approximately one and half century older (Anderson, 2005). Next one is from Federation period that also very older more or less hundred years of age. Subsequently the last one from Inter war era that is also about ninety to ninety two years old. Owing to the growing age as well as less maintenances the buildings are damaging. The building of Victorian age is constructed in unique vivid architecture style of Victorian Rustic Gothi c architecture. This particular architecture is exclusively designed for residential purpose. In this architect, there are huge open spaces, big houses, gardens, lakes a huge three-dimensional view. Basically stones, bricks and timbers were used as the building materials. This Victorian Rustic Gothic was opposition of monument style was developed for residential purpose (Douglas and Ransom, 2007). The architect of this particular style is easily detected by its unique features such as unpretentious scale, irregular massing, and sharply pitched gabled roofs with extremely decorated bargeboard. The next building is from Federation period, in this period most buildings are designed in Federation Gothic style, mainly used normal brickwork and rough substances for dressing as building materials. A.C Goode House Collins Street Melbourne. The last building was from Inter War era and the design of the building is Georgian style. These buildings was mainly built for domestic purpose and occasionally used as front elevation of town office building and the height was modest (Jodidio, 2005). Front of Albert Hall; Georgian Revival Task 2: Reporting the defects of the property: As the old buildings are constantly damaging the cost of the properties steadily decreasing so that it is become a necessity to re-evaluate the valuation of the old buildings. The purpose of the report: The core purpose of the report is to help the client in the process of re- evaluating their older property. Find out the basic advantages and subsequently the disadvantages so that the appropriate evaluation can be finished (Noy and Douglas, 2011). The general condition of the building, the defects, will be evaluated. The recommendation according to the inspection will be provided. Identify the style of the building: In the course of inspection it was found that the building is mainly Victorian style. The big buildings with large open space, garden, lake the unique and vivid look make them stand alone. The roofs are also very high; bricks, stones and timber are the basic building material. This building is almost one and half century old. Owing to the age of this building there are lot of defects up-and-coming in this building (Richardson, 2001). However, this building is in far more better condition than the other building of the adjacent area. Similar buildings of this area more damaged compared to the building. Identify the defects: There are several defects occurs in this building, such as several places the plaster has loosen, there are water leakages, structural crakes and diagonal crakes these particular crakes sometimes occur due to lower quality of raw material used in the building or may be the external pressure provided by the wind causes the damage (Ross, 2012). Therefore, the external and internal factors are associated for a particular crack and disputes in a building. On the other hand, the building age plays an important role in this particular context because the older building can lose its strengths and the durability may be low that provide immense impact on the building (Thomas, 2000). Natural disasters can also be an imperative component of resulting detaches on the buildings. Recommendations: They should take proper initiatives while marketing and the building stability report provided by the engineer must be displayed by the authority to ensure that the building is safe and reliable and regular maintenance must be done by the building owner as per the and because it can prevent the loss and damage of the building. Due to the high level of stability the building price will be high and simultaneously the demand of the buildings will also increase. References Alter, K. (2003).The good building ; Pressing style. Austin, Tex.: Center for American Architecture and Design, University of Texas at Austin School of Architecture. Anderson, J. (2005).Mechanically inclined. Portland, Me.: Stenhouse Publishers. Douglas, J. and Ransom, W. (2007).Understanding building failures. London: Taylor Francis. Jodidio, P. (2005).Piano. KoÃÅ'ˆln: Taschen. Munro, C. and Sheahan-Bright, R. (2006).Paper empires. St Lucia, Qld.: University of Queensland Press. Noy, E. and Douglas, J. (2011).Building surveys and reports. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. Richardson, B. (2001).Defects and deterioration in buildings. New York: E FN Spon. Ross, M. (2012).The thrifty gardener. Sydney, N.S.W.: ABC Books. Thomas, K. (2000).Intrinsic motivation at work. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

The Culture Of Japanese Management Essays - Employment, Recruitment

The Culture Of Japanese Management THE CULTURE OF JAPANESE MANAGEMENT The culture of Japanese management so famous in the West is generally limited to Japan's large corporations. These flagships of the Japanese economy provide their workers with excellent salaries and working conditions and secure employment. These companies and their employees are the business elite of Japan. A career with such a company was the dream of many young people in Japan, but only a select few attain these jobs. Qualification for employment is limited to the men and the few women who graduate from the top thirty colleges and universities in Japan. Placement and advancement of Japanese workers is heavily based on educational background. Students who do not gain admission to the most highly rated colleges only rarely have the chance to work for a large company. Instead, they have to seek positions in small and medium-sized firms that can not offer comparable benefits and prestige. The quality of one's education and, more important, the college attended, play decisive roles in a person's career (see, ch. 3). Few Japanese attend graduate school, and graduate training in business per se is rare. There are only a few business school programs in Japan. Companies provide their own training and show a strong preference for young men who can be trained in the company way. Interest in a person whose attitudes and work habits are shaped outside the company is low. When young men are preparing to graduate from college, they begin the search for a suitable employer. This process has been very difficult: there are only a few positions in the best government ministries, and quite often entry into a good firm is determined by competitive examination. The situation is becoming less competitive, with a gradual decrease in the number of candidates. New workers enter their companies as a group on April 1 each year. One of the prominent features of Japanese management is the practice of permanent employment (shushin koyo). Permanent employment covers the minority of the work force that work for the major companies. Management trainees, traditionally nearly all of whom were men, are recruited directly from colleges when they graduate in the late winter and, if they survive a six-month probationary period with the company, are expected to stay with the companies for their entire working careers. Employees are not dismissed thereafter on any grounds, except for serious breaches of ethics. Permanent employees are hired as generalists, not as specialists for specific positions. A new worker is not hired because of any special skill or experience; rather, the individual's intelligence, educational background, and personal attitudes and attributes are closely examined. On entering a Japanese corporation, the new employee will train from six to twelve months in each of the firm's major offices or divisions. Thus, within a few years a young employee will know every facet of company operations, knowledge which allows companies to be more productive. Another unique aspect of Japanese management is the system of promotion and reward. An important criterion is seniority. Seniority is determined by the year an employee's class enters the company. Career progression is highly predictable, regulated, and automatic. Compensation for young workers is quite low, but they accept low pay with the understanding that their pay will increase in regular increments and be quite high by retirement. Compensation consists of a wide range of tangible and intangible benefits, including housing assistance, inexpensive vacations, good recreational facilities, and, most important, the availability of low-cost loans for such expenses as housing and a new automobile. Regular pay is often augmented by generous semiannual bonuses. Members of the same graduating class usually start with similar salaries, and salary increases and promotions each year are generally uniform. The purpose is to maintain harmony and avoid stress and jealousy within the group. Individual evaluation, however, does occur. Early in workers' careers, by age thirty, distinctions are made in pay and job assignments. During the latter part of workers' careers, another weeding takes place, as only the best workers are selected for accelerated advancement into upper management. Those employees who fail to advance are forced to retire from the company in their midto -late fifties. Retirement does not necessarily mean a

Clostridium Difficle Infection In Health-Care Workers Essay Example

Clostridium Difficle Infection In Health Clostridium Difficle Infection In Health-Care Workers Essay Clostridium Difficle Infection In Health-Care Workers Essay Harmonizing to Bouza ( 2005 ) . Clostridium Difficile is a B that is gram positive and forms spores. Its chief manner of distribution is the environment whereby it besides colonizes 3-5 % of all healthy grownups without doing any symptoms that can be noticed. At babyhood. clostridia difficile colonizes between 2 % and 70 % . but the rates decrease with promotion in age and falling to approximately 6 % when the baby grows to two old ages. Above the age of two. the rate of clostridia difficile is much similar to that of an grownup. around 3 % ( APIC. 2008 ) . The strains responsible for the production of clostridia difficile are characterized by their ability in the production of both toxins A and B. The most common and rampant symptom of CDI is diarrhea that is non ever bloody. but can run from the soft and unformed stools to the watery and mucoid stools. Other outstanding symptoms include abdominal strivings and febrility and cramping in others. Clostridium difficile spores are extremely immune to devastation by most of the environmental agents and conditions. Their opposition can travel every bit far as defying some of the chemicals used in disinfection ( Zanotti-Cavazzoni. 165 ) . Therefore. this gives clostridia difficile the ability to last for months or longer in the environment and even in health care installations and the environing community. Chiefly. the spread of clostridia difficile is through the transportation of spores from a contaminated environment to the patient. or possibly through the custodies of wellness attention givers who do non follow proper hygiene and gloving patterns. The lone proper control step that can be adopted is the thorough disinfection and cleansing of the patient’s environment and besides through the physical remotion of the spores. In recent decennaries. there has been a recorded addition in the figure of reported rates of clostridia difficile-associated disease ( CDAD ) . There has besides been a recording in the addition in the figure of eruptions accompanied by terrible disease and besides an addition in mortality. The addition in CDAD is chiefly characterized by the followers ; alterations in the usage of antibiotics. a alteration in infection control patterns or the outgrowth of new strains of clostridia difficile that have increased virulency or antimicrobic. It is besides of import to grok the life rhythm of clostridia difficile in order to understand how to command it and if possible. prevent it. Its life rhythm begins in the spore signifier whereby they are because they are immune to heat. antibiotics or even acid. In a infirmary scene. clostridia difficile can be found in bedding. medical equipment. and furniture and on the health professionals. Upon consumption. the spores pass through to the bowels whereby they germinate and subsequently colonise the colon. Surveies have indicated that this bacteria colonized approximately 21 % of patients who are in the procedure of having antibiotics and at the same clip admitted to a general infirmary. Through the release of both toxins A and B. clostridia difficile subsequently induces diarrhoea and inflammatory bowel disease. However. the major hazard factors associated with clostridia difficile are advancement in age. hospitalization. and disinfectants. There are two major reservoirs of clostridia difficile in the health care puting. which are worlds ( symptomless and diagnostic ) and inanimate objects ( medical equipment and furniture ) . The degree of environmental taint depends chiefly on the badness of the disease of the patient. However the symptomless colonised patients should be regarded as the possible primary beginning of the taint. Clostridium difficile infection is more rampant among the aged in the society. The chief grounds for this are non to the full. but it can be attributed to the fact that the aged patients have a much less effectual barrier to infection. The importance of holding age as a hazard factor is characterized by the age distribution in lab studies as was received by CDSC during the research period of 1990-1992. Consequences showed that there was a prejudice for grownups over the age of 65 and they were more susceptible to holding terrible instances of clostridia difficile infections. There have besides been suggestions that clostridia difficile is endemic in installations that are considered long-stay for the aged. However. other surveies indicate that the difference in the endemic nature of clostridia difficile may be as a consequence of instance mix whereby patients are from other installations whereby the infection rate was high. Besides. clostridia difficile is endemic in many of the long -stay installations because the aged tend to remain longer in the ague wards than the other younger coevalss. Therefore. their increased hazard of infection is attributed to the increased exposure to antibiotics and nosocomial pathogens. There are several patient attention activities that provide a rife chance for the fecal-oral transmittal of clostridia difficile ( CDC ) . Such activities include ; sharing of electronic thermometers that have been used for mensurating rectal temperatures. unwritten attention or suctioning whereby the custodies or equipment have been contaminated. disposal of contaminated nutrient. medicine or with contaminated custodies and exigency processs like cannulation. Other factors like hapless manus hygiene. improper environmental and equipment cleansing and disinfection have besides been reported as a cause for infection and spreading of clostridia difficile. It has been rubber stamped that the environment is the major medium of distributing for clostridia difficile whereby it has been spread so widely that that it is impossible to indicate out a individual location that has non been contaminated. However. the environment of the septic patients is prevailing with clostridia difficile. for case. the lavatories. floors. sinks and linen. Despite disinfection. clostridia difficile spores are found to be longer than five months. Prevention and control of clostridia difficile is the duty of every person who is cognizant of its being. Therefore. bar steps must be endorsed by everyone. and particularly in attention giving installations whereby persons are more likely to distribute the infection. Standard safeguards refer to those patterns at work that are applied to every individual regardless of their confirmed or perceived infective position. Standard safeguards are the front line in the war against clostridia difficile. They help command the rate of infection from individual to individual. even in the most fecund hazard scenarios. They include ; manus hygiene before and after contact with the patient. the safe usage every bit good as disposal of sharps. the usage of protective equipment and the processing of reclaimable medical equipment. The proper handling of linen. safety in the direction of waste every bit good as sterile non-touch technique should besides be in the standard safeguards to be implemented in infirmary installations. However. when the first line of defence does non look to work expeditiously. there should be a backup program in topographic point. Therefore. when standard safeguards do non look to make the occupation. transmittal based safeguards should be implemented. These are extra work patterns for separately identifiable state of affairss that are put in topographic point to disrupt the transmittal of clostridia difficile. These safeguards are tailored to specific infections and their manner of transmittal. They include ; continued execution of standard safeguards. holding patient dedicated equipment. proper handling of equipment. enhanced cleansing and disinfection of the patient’s environment and the limitation of patients within the installations. Since health care scenes differ greatly in footings of their daily operation. it is difficult to come up with a direction proposal that would suit all installations. Therefore. all health care installations should carry on infection bar hazard appraisal on a regular footing alongside acceptance of elaborate protocols and procedures for infection control. In acute attention puting. personal protective equipment should be provided for nurses and visitants outside the room of a patient who has confirmed clostridia difficile infection. Healthcare givers should utilize baseball mitts and gowns in order to forestall farther spread of infection. Conducting effectual manus hygiene is necessary for restricting the spread of clostridia difficile. They should be performed often and with the undermentioned considerations ; should be performed utilizing the Four Moments of Hand Hygiene. should be performed at the point-of-care utilizing a dedicated staff sink or the usage of manus rubs that have been impregnated with disinfectants or intoxicant and soap. In acute attention puting. particularly where the aged are shacking proper attention has to be considered chiefly because they are more susceptible to infection ( Rupnik. 2007 ) . One such step of forestalling clostridia difficile infection is puting the suspected or confirmed patients with CDI in a confined room that has dedicated lavatories. sinks and personal equipment. Furthermore. there is small demand for particular intervention for linen in an ague scene for both confirmed and suspected patients. Linen for diagnostic and symptomless patients should be in the same manner. The dirty linen should be carefully. For illustration. it should be placed in a no-touch receptacle in order to avoid taint of both the environment and the individuals around. In instances of eruptions. everyday infection control steps are of sedate importance in order to forestall the spread of the clostridia difficile infection to patients who have non yet been affected. The antibiotic policies have to be monitored every bit good as their conformity in order to successfully command the spread of infection. Hand rinsing processs should be followed to the latter by any individual who is in contact with septic patients such as physicians. nurses. paramedical staff and pupils. Nurses present challenges in battling clostridia difficile eruptions particularly because of the necessity to make a plain environment for the patients. This means that they have to invariably look into in with the patients and hence they become invariably at hazard of infection themselves in proper safeguard is non taken. For patients in the aged ague attention wards. the milieus are besides tailored to guarantee a comfy stay in the infirmary. Therefore. their soft trappingss and carpeted floors provide a challenge in instances of eruptions. For cases like this. preventative methods of battling the spread of clostridia difficile have to be implemented. One such step that should be used during cleansing is steam. Although the heat does non kill the pathogen. it helps in the containment of its spread. Patients are besides susceptible to undertaking infection from the attention devices used in the infirmary. Such devices include electronic thermometers or glucose measuring devices. These devices are in changeless usage and may be used by a assortment of patients. These devices are with pathogens derived from organic structure fluids. Thus it is of import to hold steps in topographic point to sterilise these devices particularly more exhaustively in times of eruptions. Another piece of communal setup used in wards is the linen. vesture. uniforms. lab coats and isolation gowns. Because clostridia difficile is normally in the environment and can last for more than five months. these pieces of vesture are ever in contact and possible taints are likely ( Dubberke. 17 ) . However indirect contact of such vesture comes from bedpans. lavatories and sinks of patients who are either suspected or confirmed to be infected. The presence of dirty linen is besides an country of importance that should be looked into carefully. Because bed linen is in infirmaries and wards. they should be cleaned and sanitized before they can be issued to a different patient. In order to assist battle the spread of clostridia difficile. the CDC has come up with the Spaulding categorization system. which identifies three hazard degrees that are associated with surgical and medical instruments ( Michel. 1095 ) . These degrees are ; critical. semi-critical and noncritical. Critical points include acerate leafs. indwelling urinary catheters and endovenous catheters. These are the points that usually enter the unfertile tissue. the vascular tissue or through which blood flows. Based on one of the recognized sterilisation processs. the equipment has to be unfertile before perforating any tissue. Semi-critical points include thermometers. electric razors and chiropody equipment and they are as those that touch mucose or tegument which is non integral. They require punctilious cleansing and thenceforth followed by high-ranking disinfection. Disinfection is done utilizing a chemo autoclave agent that is approved by the FDA. In decision. clostridia difficile has been on the rise in recent decennaries and it is merely through proper bar and control measures that it can be. Since it can populate in an environment in spore signifier for up to five months. it poses a challenge in footings of containment. On the other manus. the aged are more susceptible to clostridium difficile chiefly because of their low unsusceptibility and their drawn-out stay in infirmaries. However. with proper attention. opportunities of eruptions can be kept at a lower limit and more lives can be through bar alternatively of remedies. Mentions DelmAÂ ©e. Michel. Clostridium Difficle Infection In Health-Care Workers. The Lancet 334. 8671 ( 1989 ) : 1095. Print. Dubberke. Erik. Strategies for bar of Clostridium difficile infection. Journal of Hospital Medicine 7. S3 ( 2012 ) : S14-S17. Print. Patient Cloth Chairs and Clostridium difficile Outbreak. American Journal of Infection Control 37. 5 ( 2009 ) : E102-E103. Print. Rupnik. Maja. Abstract book: Clostridium difficile: being. disease. control A ; bar. s. l. : [ Organizing commission ICDS ] . 2007. Print. Zanotti-Cavazzoni. S. l. . Analysis of an eruption of Clostridium difficile infection controlled with enhanced infection control measures. Yearbook of Critical Care Medicine 2010 ( 2010 ) : 164-166. Print. clostridium difficle. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1 Mar. 2013. Web. 30 Apr. 2014. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. gov/HAI/organisms/cdiff/Cdiff_infect. hypertext markup language Beginning papers

Beijing

I’m going to look at how Beijing’s (while mentioning China) climate will be affected and change if the average temperature will rise, creating global warming around the world. An overview of how Beijing’s weather and climate is currently. Average temperature in January is -7o to -4o C, while average temperatures in July are at 25o to 26  °C. Highest temperature ever recorded is 42 °C and lowest recorded is -27 °C. Annual precipitation is over 600 mm, with 75% of that in summer. Beijing is located in a high pressure area. Under the scorching sun in summer, heavy rainstorms also sees to occur late in the season. The citys climate is a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate characterized by hot, humid summers due to the East Asian monsoons, and generally cold, windy winters that reflect the influence of the vast Siberian anticyclone. Frequent typhoons coming from the Pacific Ocean also influence the city but in a minor scale, most of the typhoons make their direction for Japan and never really reaches into Beijing. Springtime weather in Asia produces intense wind storm events that can pass over the Gobi Desert along the northern China / Mongolia. These prevailing westerly winds brings dust from the desert and trough suspension carries the sand dust via Beijing and further on. This threatens Beijing by a rolling tide of sand advancing on the capital from the Gobi Desert that is responsible for the massive dust storms every spring. If we then assume that the average temperature is rising, I think that the long term warming will cause a bit more spreading (in number) of natural hazards such as monsoons, (droughts), typhoons leading to more severe rainfall. Since the typhoons never really reaches the city but foremost Japan (due to the coriolis force/effect) the size and number may increase and then there will be more rain. Mostly this happens if the ocean currents are warm. The precipitation from both the monsoons and typhoons but also through convectional rainfall will eventually increase leading to e. g. floods (in coastal areas) and agricultural crops may die or grow (depending of what type of crops and its surrounding) more because of the intense rainfall. The temperature rises heating the land more which makes moist, warm air which becomes less dense and is forced to rise as strong convectional currents. In this picture below you can see were most of the precipitation occurs due to e. g. monsoons in the southern China, in the summer when there is strong solar radiation and the rain period is at its highest in Beijing. If we would see a similar picture but in present time or in about 10 years from now I would say that the color of amount precipitation in Beijing would be more in the blue scale. Because the winds bring more moist and rain clouds since the earth is moving. The climatic change may even change or disrupt the monsoonal pattern. In winter the temperature can be very low but if the global temperature rises I think so will the cold temperatures. It will not be as cold in the future as it is now. The Gobi Deserts sand dunes are already slowly expanding with winds blowing the sand towards the capital. In their wake, these massive dust storms have left entire towns abandoned and refugees left in a high number. The dust storms have probably also brought some weather effects due to the high altitude transportation of the sand. These winds are capable of generating huge yellow clouds of suspended dust which based on the direction of the prevailing wind can be sent out to sea to North America. And even have an impact on the visibility across different regions in the south western United States Part of the reason for why these dust storms are so severe, is maybe because the soil is so loose and fine. In addition to the fact that sandstorms cause such inconvenience in people’s lives, they also influence agricultural production, transportation and shipping, and other industries, and cause serious economic damage. The problem is overgrazing and deforestation which causes many land areas in China to become a desert. Due to this desert spreading that is getting closer to Beijing the government is planning to plant a â€Å"green wall† of millions of trees between Beijing and the sands. The plants should be planted to bind the soil more effectively. Some of the smaller rivers or lakes could even disappear due to the desert spreading cutting of water supply. And the larger rivers that transports some of the melting glaciers from the Himalayas could expand and lead to flooding in some cases. The air pollution from the city results in damage to air and water quality, agriculture and human health, with acid rain falling down. The climatic change will also have a great impact on the economy since they have to prevent some hazard from spreading far too much but the economy will also lose a lot of money if the agricultural farming is reduced every year. But if the rainfall changes the agricultural problem will give the economy a profit. Many people would have to leave their homes to try to find another place to grow their crops or move into the main city to try and find a job. Due to arable agriculture and overgrazing wind removes the soil so that soil erosion occurs. Then, during times of erosive rainfall or windstorms, soil may be detached, transported, and (possibly travelling a long distance) deposited. It has impacts which are both on-site (at the place where the soil is detached) and off-site (wherever the eroded soil ends up). As a conclusion Beijing will probably have more rainfall due to the monsoons and typhoons. The desert will increase or decrease (not expand as much) depending on how much it will rain and if the soil is nutrient enough to let vegetation grow. But if it increases Beijing will suffer from more dust storms as a thick layer of haze that can reduce direct solar radiation, it can have a dramatic impact on the visibility. It will also get warmer in the city since the air pollution is very high making a sort of cover over the area, thereby trapping the sun radiation from going back out into the atmosphere, making it more humid. The temperature will get higher during all seasons but in a slow process. The economic development may decrease because of manly the loss of agricultural land to soil erosion.

Intro to Criminal Justice Module 5 Writing Coursework

Intro to Criminal Justice Module 5 Writing - Coursework Example ct, 1789 created the federal court system through four federal circuit courts with 13 federal district courts with general trial and appellate jurisdiction. This paved way for the current 94 District Courts, 12 regional Courts of Appeal and a single Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Each state has its own court structure with trial courts, appellate courts and a Supreme Court. Courts of limited jurisdictions, the lower or inferior courts deal with cases involving misdemeanors, civil and domestic disputes, juvenile offenses and local ordinance violations account for most of the remaining filings. They handle the defendant’s initial appearance and are not courts of record. Courts of general jurisdictions can hear any criminal or civil cases at first instance and are often divided into criminal, civil, probate, juvenile and domestic courts. They hear appeal cases on denial of due process. Intermediate appellate courts hear cases from decisions of general trial courts. They examine the transcript of the case, read written briefs and hear oral arguments. Courts of last resort as the final appellate courts wait for certification of cases before them. There are lower trial courts, appellate courts and a court of last resort. The 94 general trial courts, District Courts have both original and exclusive jurisdiction in all cases involving federal law or dispute over treaties. They have concurrent jurisdiction with state trial courts in certain criminal matters violating state and federal laws and in civil disputes between people of different states where damages exceed a certain amount. The Courts of Appeals for the Federal Circuit have jurisdiction to hear appeals from the district courts arising from cases involving patent law violations, suits against the federal government and cases appealed from the court of International Trade and Claims Court. The U.S. Supreme Court is the court of last resort and has jurisdiction to review any federal appellate court

Marketing Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing - Article Example To some, the suggestion that an orderly and analytical process of decision making, not only on a personal level – but more so in business, should include the discussion of highly controversial ethical issues, about which honest differences of opinion are common and self-deceiving rationalization endless, is repugnant. Ethics, after all, encompass wider perspectives of human concerns ultimately affecting business organizations. Ethics and social responsibility are important in the business world for a variety of reasons. Business is not all about making money. Social responsibility is considered the â€Å"obligation of an organizations management towards the welfare and interests of the society which provides it the environment and resources to survive and flourish, and which is affected by the organizations actions and policies† (Business Dictionary, 2010, par. 1). Marketers consider the type of packaging appropriate for their products that must conform to ethical standards and environmental safety concerns. Most marketers veer away from packages which are not biodegradable and which can harm the environment such as using styropore or plastics. Plastic bags have effects which are endangering the environment at an enormously fast pace, most governmental environmental agencies have recognized the immediate need to take drastic actions to stop or minimize the use of plastic bags. Firms ultimately recognize that abiding by ethical standards pay off in terms of better financial performance with employees exhibiting higher performance and productivity due to an environment of trust, employees are therefore more loyal contributing to low turnover, and a preponderance for higher investor loyalty, among others. Firms that incorporate policies on ethics and cultural diversity, social responsibilities, the concern for the environment and the community, achieve their organizational goals more efficiently with the support from their

J&K Outfitters Ltd. Essay Example for Free

JK Outfitters Ltd. Essay The organization I am going to talk about is JK Outfitters Ltd. I will be explaining the advantages and the disadvantages of using ratio analyse within the business, by the help of using the ratio analyse it will show the financial performance of the business as it can help the investors to gain the inside health of the company. Each ratio within the business plays a different prospective e.g. The stock turnover ratio shows you how quickly a company sells and replaces the stocks which are the goods and materials that a business holds for the purpose of resale. The advantage of using this stock turnover ratio will help the investors to make a decision on rather to invest in this business or no because it will show the health of the company. The other type of ratio I am going to talk about is the current ratio which provides the business amount of assets compared to its liabilities which shows the business ability to pay its debts. With the help of this ratio the investors get the idea of will they get their money back if they will invest in that business. On the other side ratio fails to address the potential of the company as they only offer inside to the business present situation as it won’t give the future prediction of the business. For example, if the company is about to merge and acquire large amount of capital the ratio will not reveal these new changes therefore ratios cannot be the only measurements investors use to assess companies value, because this numbers do not reveal other key information such as industry changes and economy forces. Another disadvantage I am going to talk about of using ratio is that some ratio might indicate the company is performing well while other indicates financial issues therefore investors need to assess multiple ratios to get the picture of the business stability which can help them to come to a conclusion rather to invest or not within that business. Ratios are beneficial to some parties however not to the other, such as a bank might not consider giving a help or interest to the companies’ book to market ratio however, the financial investors will evaluate its level of depth ratio to see if the company is worth of a loan.

Cryptographic Protocols for Electronic Voting Essay -- Technology Elec

Cryptographic Protocols for Electronic Voting After some preliminary research into the subject of electronic voting [BARL2003], it became apparent that there may be reason to mistrust current electronic voting systems. Further, as I studied a variety of voting systems, I realized I had little confidence that any of them (even paper ballots) would be guaranteed to produce a perfectly accurate tally. In my previous paper [BARL2003], I suggested the following definition: "An accurate voting system counts all valid votes with minimal processing error such that the intent of eligible voters is reflected in the final tally." I believe it is important for a voting system to (a) minimize error, (b) count all valid votes, and (c) preserve the intent of eligible voters in the final tally. At least in theory, I believe that today's electronic voting systems are capable of counting votes with minimal processing error. Assuming that all parties involved in the process of creating an electronic voting machine perform ethically, and that enough time, money, and effort is expended to do the job correctly, it should be possible to create a system that processes each entry that was received by the system. However, even making those assumptions, it is not quite that simple. There may be many reasons that a valid entry is not received by the system. For example, voters may be confused by the systems and may not enter their selections into the machine they way they intended. The system may "crash" before reporting its results. An eligible voter may be denied access to voting machines during the election interval . As far as I have been able to determine, the process for deciding the validity of a vote is subject to interpret... .../www.notablesoftware.com/Papers/1002evot.pdf [MERC2003] Mercuri, Rebecca. Website on "Electronic Voting" last updated September 1, 2003. http://www.notablesoftware.com/evote.html [PFIT1996] Pfitzmann, Birgit. Digital Signature Schemes: General Framework and Fail-Stop Signatures; Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1996. [PITT2003] Pitt, William Rivers. "Electronic Voting: What You Need to Know," Interview with Rebecca Mercuri, Barbara Simons, and David Dill, October 20, 2003. http://truthout.org/docs_03/102003A.shtml [RaRaNa] Ray, Indrajit and Ray, Indrakshi and Narasimhamurthi, Natarajan. "An Anonymous Electronic Voting Protocol for Voting Over the Internet." (Date of publication unknown.) http://citeseer.nj.nec.com/471417.html [SCHN1996] Schneier, Bruce. Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C; John Wiley & Sons, New York 1996.

Water Spouts

Water spouts are another type of tornado. A water spout is a tornado that hoovers over land and is formed by strong pull of water forming the tornado's funnel and high wind speeds around it. Water spouts can form in two different ways. During normal weather when water temperatures are high and the air is very humid is typically when water spouts can form at sea level. The second way a water spout can form is like a regular tornado, it will form from a cloud and descend down but will touch water's surface. It is not as common for a water spout to form from a cloud, but when they do, they are typically more destructive than a water spout forming at sea level. When a water spout is formed from a cloud they are so destructive that they are able to pull fish from the water into the tornado and release them back out when the fish reach the top of the water spouts. A person would need to be far above the water level, such as in a plane or on a mountain, to see the first sign of a waterspout. It starts as a dark spot forming on the ocean. The second phase still could not be seen from a ship, but could perhaps could be felt as the wind shifts and speeds up. If a person on a boat happened to look up at the cloud above when sensing the change in the wind, that person might notice a funnel forming in the clouds even though the vortex on the water’s surface is not clearly visible. As the winds increases, the spray is visible from the vortex on the ocean surface. When a waterspout is fully matured, anyone with eyes to see can watch the funnel reach from the cloud to dip and twist into the water. They also hiss and suck at the water instead of the rumbling growl of a twister on land. Waterspouts can also form over lakes or rivers, but are most commonly seen over the ocean. They suck up the water in their path, billowing a water spray like a mushroom cloud against the water surface. Waterspouts can range in size from several feet to more than a mile high, and their width can vary from a few feet to hundreds of feet. It is not uncommon to see more than one water-twister at a time. Some ships have reported seeing as many as 30 waterspouts in a single day.

Maturity in the Secret Life of Bees Essay

â€Å"One is not born but rather becomes a woman†- Simone De Beauvoir. In Sue Monk Kidd’s, The Secret Life of Bees, Lily Owens engages on a life changing expedition to make sense of her difficult predicament. Lily shows that she is a dynamic character as she matures in this coming of age novel. Lily portrays growth throughout the novel with her behavior with T. Ray, her prejudice view on the people who surround her, and her poor judgement about her mother. Lily, the protagonist in The Secret Life of Bees, drastically changes her behavior with T. Ray throughout the course of the novel. Although at first screams and argues with him, Lily soon transforms and has a talk with T. Ray in a polite manner. In the beginning, while speaking with T. ray about Rosaleen being in jail, an argument breaks out about her mother when T. Ray tries to hit her. Lily then shouts at him stating, â€Å"‘my mother will never let you touch me again! [ †¦] I hate you!’† T. Ray then gets angry and replies saying, â€Å"’you think that goddamn woman gave a shit about you? [†¦] The truth is, your sorry mother ran off and left you. The day she died, she’d come back and get her things, that’s all. You can hate me all you want, but she’s the one who left you† (38-39). As soon the fight is over, the words sink in and settle in Lily’s mind which she is now concerned and questioning her mother leaving her as a child which causes her to pack her things, rescue Rosaleen and runs away to Tiburon. Over a period of time that Lily spends there with the Boatwright sisters and Zach she matures. Although the scenario still lingers in her mind Lily continues to live her life. When T. Ray finally finds Lily, Lily invites him into the house and talks to him in a respectful way. T. Ray starts by saying, â€Å"’Well, well, well. Look who’s here.’† Lily then responds saying, â€Å"’won’t you come in? [†¦] have a seat if you want to’† (290). Lily’s demeanor towards her father is surely apparent than her past conversations with him. Even though it is evident that she would never go back home with him, she still shows him respect. Lily’s growth is proven through her modification in behavior towards her father. Throughout the novel, Lily experiences some hurtful thoughts about the people who take her in. Even though she has nothing against colored people, Lily thinks some prejudice thoughts about the Boatwright’s and Zach. After August shows Rosaleen and Lily where they are going to sleep, she starts to remember what T. Ray said about colored women and reveals her own thoughts: â€Å"T. Ray did not think colored women were smart. Since I wanted to tell the whole truth, which means the worst parts, I thought they could be smart, but not as smart as me, me being white. Lying on the cot in the honey house, though, all I could think was August is so intelligent, so cultured, and I was surprised by this. That’s what let me know I had some prejudice buried inside me. † (78) Lily is very shocked that she thinks this way about colored people and soon acknowledges her bias thoughts. Despite the fact that Lily may have noticed her prejudice act, she still continues down the same path without noticing. While hanging out with Zach on the grass, Zach tells Lily that he doesn’t have much of a future since he is a Negro and she tells him how doing sports is the only way he can be successful. She goes and says, â€Å"’well, you could play football for a college team and then be a professional player. ’† Zach then retorts and says, â€Å"’why is it sports is the only thing white people see us being successful at? I don’t want to play football, I wanna be a lawyer. ’† Lily then comes back again annoyed commenting, â€Å"’that’s fine with me, I’ve just never heard of a Negro lawyer, that’s all. You’ve got to hear of these things before you can imagine them’† (120-121). Lily’s prejudice ways are evident in her harsh comments towards Zach. Even though she says all those rude things, she accepts Zach’s choices and supports it. Lily’s maturity is portrayed through her acceptance of Zach’s choices and wish. While staying at the Boatwright’s, Lily continues to think about what T. Ray told her about her mother leaving her as a child. Lily makes some atrocious comments about her mother in spite of her leaving. While speaking with August after telling her that she’s Deborah’s daughter, she reveals to August how she hates her mother and how her mother never wanted her which August then tells her how T. Ray wanted to put her in Bull Street the mental institution. â€Å"’It was easy for her to leave me; because she never wanted me in the first place†¦ you should’ve let him put her in there. I wish she’d rotted in there’† (252) Obviously, Lily’s negative words and thought have clouded her true feelings about her mother. August soon convinces Lily about her mother leaving. Further into the conversation, August tells Lily that even though her mother left her, she came back for her the day she died which makes think: â€Å"T.  Ray had told me that she came back for her things. But she’d come back for me, too. She’d wanted to bring me here, to Tiburon, to August’s. If only we’d made it. I remember the sound of T. Ray’s boots on the stairs. I wanted to pound my fists against something, to scream at my mother for getting caught, for not packing faster, for not coming sooner. † (254) Lily soon realizes that her mother did love her and wanted to be with her even though she still blames her for not packing faster. Despite the fact that her mother did leave her in the beginning, she still loves her mother, even more now that she knows that she was coming back just for her. Lily’s growth is surely evident due to the fact that Lily had a deeper understanding of what happened the day her mother died and she changed her perspectives on her. The Boatwright sisters, Zach and Lily herself are ultimately the ones to acknowledge for her astonishing change in behavior, her conversion of perspective on the people who take her in, and her modification to her dreadful comments made about her mother which help her grow in many ways. The decisions she makes and paths she takes are influenced with the help from people who love her. In order to mature and gain an understanding, Lily goes Tiburon to seek her and her mother’s past, get a deeper understanding of why her mother left in the first place and change her view on things. It is apparent that people will do anything to get answers to complex questions that may be lingering in the minds, and on the way to getting their answers they experience growth, love and compassion and leave with a deep understanding.

The Impact of ICT on Productivity within the Nigerian Banking Sector The WritePass Journal

The Impact of ICT on Productivity within the Nigerian Banking Sector Chapter 1 – Introduction The Impact of ICT on Productivity within the Nigerian Banking Sector Chapter 1 – Introduction1.1 Background1.2 Reason for Research Topic1.3 Study Aim and Objectives1.4 Project Constraints1.5 Study Methodology 1.5.1 Literature Review1.5.2 Primary Research1.5.3 Case study approach1.6 Dissertation Overview1.6.1 Abstract1.6.2 Chapter 1: Introduction: 1.6.3 Chapter 2: Literature Review1.6.4 Chapter 3: Case Study (Development of Survey)1.6.5 Chapter 4: Evaluation Discussion1.6.6 Chapter 5: Conclusion CHAPTER 3: SURVEY RESEARCH3.1 Introduction3.2 Method of Research   3.3 Qualities of a Good Research Question3.4 Structure of Survey3.5 Design of Questionnaire 3.6 Terminologies used in Questionnaire3.7 Method of Distribution3.8 Pretesting the Questionnaire3.9 Changes Made as a result of Pretesting3.10 Intended Participants of Survey 3.11 Ethics of a Questionnaire  3.12 Final VersionRelated Chapter 1 – Introduction 1.1 Background The Banking industry is considerably one of the largest industries in Nigeria providing employment for an estimated twenty two thousand people nationwide and generating 9% of the annual GDP of the country. Nigeria is considered to be one of the fastest growing telecommunications nations in Africa, investing heavily in ICT and related information technology Chiemeke et al (2006). One of its major investors has been the banks, however with their major investments the use of ICT has arguably had an effect on efficiency and has made operations faster nevertheless there has been no major evidence that indicates that they have increased productivity, productivity been an important factor for banks and other organizations as it can help drive economic and organizational growth and most importantly help organization increase their profit. This study delves into the realms of the banking industry in Nigeria in an attempt to discover the impact of the use of ICT has had on productivity. This study will incorporate primary and secondary research in an attempt to determine if the use of ICT has improves productivity in the banking industry and also to get a better understanding of the industry or not and their ICT practices. The outcome will be a set of recommendations aimed at suggesting possible ways to use ICT to improve productivity. This study aims at informing and advising the people in the Nigerian Banking industry considering the how use of ICT can be further used to improve productivity as well as academics who seek to broaden their insight of the industry in such light. The research and discussion will be condensed to a set of recommendations. 1.2 Reason for Research Topic The motivation behind conducting this research into the impact the use of ICT has on productivity in the Nigerian banking industry comes from the lack of such research in the region as a series of similar studies have been carried out in other developed countries. Nigerian is often regarded as the giant of Africa more so they are said to be highest investors in the use of Information communication technology in Africa, the use of ICT has no doubt contributed to the growth of the various industries in the country however there is no direct knowledge as to if the use of ICT has increased productivity in the banking industry, thus the purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of the use of ICT in the Nigerian banking industry on productivity. 1.3 Study Aim and Objectives The aim of this study project is to answer the question â€Å"does the use of ICT improve productivity in banking in Nigeria†. In order to meet this aim, this study seeks accomplish the following objectives, identify If the use of I.C.T improved productivity in Nigerian banking industry? How can ICT be used effectively to impact productivity. The benefits of ICT in banking. The problems of ICT in banking. 1.4 Project Constraints    In the course of writing this dissertation a few constraints where met as predicted in the project initiation document, this constraints include: Access to information: facts and information where needed and they couldn’t be gotten off the internet as such they had to be physically collected from the office of the central bank of Nigeria and relayed back via email. Falling ill: in the process of writing this project the author fell ill two times living the project unattended to for a total of three weeks Lack of prior knowledge: the author had no prior adept knowledge of the points that will be discussed in this study as such the author had to carry out extensive research and reading so as to broaden the gap of knowledge.       1.5 Study Methodology 1.5.1 Literature Review A full review of literature will be given, which will set the scene gives a general overview of the banking industry, the use of ICT and productivity, however it later goes on to give a more information of the Nigerian banking industry which is the subject of this study and its challenges in regards of the use of ICT and how they in turn affect productivity. 1.5.2 Primary Research A survey will be carried out to help determine the impact ICT has on productivity in Nigeria. A survey is a popular strategy used in business and management research. Surveys are often carried out through the use of a questionnaire as the data is standardised and allows for easy comparison and they allow the collection of a large amount of data from a sizeable population in a highly economical way (Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill, 2003). All the data acquired in this survey was through the use of a questionnaire issued to certain employees in a number of banks. Having completed the primary research a number of analysis tools and techniques were used to analyse the information, an overview of the tools and techniques used is in chapter 4. The banks that were involved in this study are based in Nigeria. In the course of research for this study the author discovered there has been little or no study on the research in this topic in this region of the world compared to the UK and other European countries as such the author decided to use the Nigerian banking industry as the centre of research. The survey questions are to be spread to as many banks as possible with the hope of getting responses from 15 of the 25 banks in the country; however the survey questions will be spread amongst a minimum of two branches per bank including the headquarters of those banks; however there is no certainty that it will be spread in that order as the survey is online, and also there is no assurance that there be a 100% response rate. The survey should take about 2weeks considering the various factors that may pose challenge and an 80% response rate are expected. 1.5.3 Case study approach A case study is defined as â€Å"a strategy for carrying out research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real life context using multiple sources of evidence†, (Robson, 2002). In summary the case study strategy will help guide and gain knowledge and rich understanding of the primary research carried out in this study. Case study strategy has the ability to generate answers to the various questions such as ‘why’, ‘what’ and ‘how’; however a good case study can enable the challenge of an existing theory and provide a good source for new hypothesis (Saunders, Lewis Thornhill, 2003). 1.6 Dissertation Overview Now the scene has been set and an idea of what the study will revolve around has been given as such a brief layout of the writing structure will be given which will include a brief summary of what the various chapters will be about. 1.6.1 Abstract 1.6.2 Chapter 1: Introduction: 1.6.3 Chapter 2: Literature Review This chapter consists of secondary research gathered from books, journals providing knowledge, understanding and insight as to what’s been done in this line of research. 1.6.4 Chapter 3: Case Study (Development of Survey) This chapter focuses on the development of the survey used for primary research in an attempt to gain proper knowledge and understanding and also answer the question the topic of the study possess. 1.6.5 Chapter 4: Evaluation Discussion This chapter contains a step by step analysis of the data gotten from the survey and also a discussion as to what the answers of the survey imply. 1.6.6 Chapter 5: Conclusion This final chapter is a conclusion of the whole project as it summaries the previous chapters and gives a critical reflection of the process involved in the process of writing this study and finally it suggests methods for further improvement. CHAPTER 3: SURVEY RESEARCH    3.1 Introduction This study is based on an investigation into the impact of ICT on productivity in the banking industry. For the purpose of this study no particular bank was the sole focus of the research as information from one source will not be enough to assess the extent as such for this study the survey will be carried out using a number of different banks with the aid of a questionnaire which includes both qualitative and quantitative data. 3.2 Method of Research In conducting primary research a number of activities can be used such as questionnaires, interviews, tests and documentary analysis, but for the purpose of this research the questionnaire method was the only method chosen as it is cheaper, faster, has a larger response base and can cover a lot of ground compared to other methods.   3.3 Qualities of a Good Research Question In carrying out a survey it is important that the questions asked are the right questions and the survey is well structured else it provides inaccurate information which will affect the credibility of the result of the survey. Punch (1998) gives a number of criteria that will help in creating good research questions, these criteria’s include: Clear: The questions should be easy to understand and unambiguous. Specific: The concept should be clear enough to connect the data to the indicators. Answerable: There should be a clear view of what data is required to answer the question and how such data will be obtained. Interconnected: The questions must be related to each other in some meaningful way, rather than be unconnected. Substantively relevant: The questions should be interesting and worthwhile questions for investment of research effort. Punch (1998) further states that questions that do not possess this qualities are generally bad research questions, as they are unclear and not specific enough, Punch (1998) also states two problems that often occur in building questionnaires, they include value judgement and causation, as such in building the questionnaires such characteristics and problems will be avoided. 3.4 Structure of Survey The survey is divided into two sets one for each set of people. The first questionnaire seeks information on the benefits, problems, impact of ICT products on productivity and the impact of ICT measures on productivity, however the questionnaire itself is structured into 6 major sections which seek a particular kind of information which include Demographic information Information on current level of ICT investment. Information on ICT benefits in general to the bank, Information on the negative effect of ICT on productivity to the bank. Information on the impact of IT measures on productivity. Information on the impact of a number of specific ICT tools and their impact on productivity. The second section of the questionnaire seeks information on ICT input and output measures and the impact of ICT measures on productivity, it is divided into 5 sections which include: Demographic information, Information on the impact of ICT on bank outputs. Information on the impact of ICT on bank input. Information on the impact of IT measures. Information on the impact of ICT on financial services. See Appendix 4 for more details 3.5 Design of Questionnaire In designing this questionnaire, a number of questions where adopted and adapted from other questionnaires and articles found in the course of research, a few questions were also developed in completing the questionnaire. The questionnaire is an online based and in designing these questionnaires two types of questions where adopted; open and rating questions, Saunders et al. (2003) describes these questions as: Open Question: These questions are used in questionnaires when the author is uncertain of the participant’s response, such as in explanatory research. Rating Questions: This type of question is used to collect opinion data, a common example is the Likert scale in which it gets the participants opinion how strongly they agree or disagree with a statement. The Likert scale uses a 5 point rating scale which ranges from strongly agree to strongly disagree, Saunders et al (2003). 3.6 Terminologies used in Questionnaire A number of terminologies were used in this questionnaire such as Productivity, IT inputs, IP outputs and IT measures. In order not to confuse the participants or make them fill inaccurate information due to the lack of understanding of the terms, the terminologies mentioned above were well defined and explained in the portion which acts as the introduction to the survey. 3.7 Method of Distribution The method for distribution used in this study is via email as the survey itself is online. This was chosen over paper distribution as it saved the cost of transportation and also the time it will take to get back the forms, scan them analyse and go through the various scanned document, and finally as bank employees constantly have easy access to the internet, it will be easy to access and complete. A message will be written in the email sent; the message will essentially act as a cover letter that describes the purpose of the survey. 3.8 Pretesting the Questionnaire Having completed the design of the questionnaire was tested out on a small group to see if the questions are clear and understandable. Robson (2002) states that pretesting a questionnaire is good as it helps check if the questions are clear, simple, unambiguous and if they do not meet those criteria’s the participants involved in the test should give their thoughts and opinions as to what questions aren’t clear and how they could be made clear. The amount of time taken to complete the questionnaire, this feedback will be used to further improve the structure of the questionnaire 3.9 Changes Made as a result of Pretesting Pre-testing feedback was mostly positive. The people involved in the pre testing where satisfied with the length of the questionnaire based on its purpose, however most people where of the impression that the questionnaire can be completed by the general public, as such at the top of the questionnaire a change was made where it was stated who was qualified to answer the questionnaire. The only major negative comment was on the last set of questions in the second questionnaire, the comment was that the question was not clear and easy to understand enough and as a result of that the questions where rephrased. 3.10 Intended Participants of Survey This survey, compared to most others, does not seek information from the general public, it seeks information from certain employees of the bank as they will be the most capable in answering questions accurately as information is made readily available to them. These employees include: IT Manager Finance Manager The first aspect of the questionnaire seeks information on the benefits, problems, impact of ICT products on productivity and the impact of ICT measures on productivity as such the IT manager or any other person at that capacity will be the most suitable to answer such question. The second section of the questionnaire seeks information on ICT input and output measures and the impact of ICT measures on productivity, as such this portion of the questionnaire can only be completed by the Finance manager or any other person at in such capacity as the information will be made readily available to them. In completing the questionnaire the participants will have to state their roles or positions in the organisation to make sure the information is gotten form the person most adequate to answer it. 3.11 Ethics of a Questionnaire A major concern of people who are involved in surveys is giving their information to a third party as such information can be gathered and misused. The questionnaires will therefore be carried out in anonymity as participant’s identity will not be revealed and the questionnaire will adhere to the data protection act and several other ethical standards that might be put in place.   3.12 Final Version Having completed and made changes to the questionnaire the links where distributed by emails.

Animal Farm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Animal Farm - Essay Example Comparisons between Napoleon and Snowball As part of the leadership, there are two leaders whose ideals differ as one is corrupt while the other is a subtle leader. The two leaders here are Napoleon and Snowball that are a depiction of Stalin Joseph and Trotsky Leon. Ideally, the two leaders were always on contradicting sides in terms of leadership strategies that led Napoleon to dismiss Snowball in order for him to adopt dictatorial leadership. The two leaders of the animal farm had nothing in common except that were both astounding leaders. One of the principal differences between Napoleon and Snowball was the fact that Snowball was a better speaker and had convincing power as compared to Napoleon. He was compassionate and offered support to the animals contrary to the treatment of Napoleon to the animals. This aspect made Snowball a hero as he acted on the belief that all animals in the animal farm had a right to equality (Orwell 8). ... During the existence of Snowball, the animal farm witnessed development, peace, and flourishing in which he sought to make the farm better than during the reign of farmer Jones. However, Napoleon’s rule presented aspects of slavery to the animals in which he incorporated this aspect without the knowledge of the other animal subjects (Rodden 316). Remarkably, Napoleon’s dictatorial rule was successful as compared to the communal leadership by Snowball as the farm became productive the same as the time that Farmer Jones was in control. Napoleon was a cunning leader as he led the animals in the abolition of the human rule then changed after they had achieved their freedom from the humans. He eliminates Snowball as he sees him as an impediment to the success of the farm. In essence, he negated the concept of communism as he viewed it as an aspect of backwardness and underdevelopment. His cunning ways also lead him in to constructing a windmill that Snowball had designed whi le he was alive in order to show to the animals in the farm that he was equally as good as Snowball had been to the animals. Napoleon also spreads propaganda to his own advantage as compared to Snowball who believed in honesty and truthful leadership (Rodden 318). Further, Napoleon orders for the merciless killing of animals after he amends the seven commandments that negated alcohol consumption and murder. The animals experience torture as a way of confessing their offenses within which the trained dogs owned by Napoleon execute the killings (Sapakie10). The collapse of the windmill intended to make the animals work lesser is a chance that Napoleon uses to cast blame on Snowball meaning that he applies all manner of schemes in order

Analytic Hierarchy Process artical review and comparison Essay

Analytic Hierarchy Process artical review and comparison - Essay Example According to the article, a business process strategy is designed in such a way that success is achieved in the financial sector of the organization, in satisfying the requirements of the customer, in successfully implementing the internal operations of the organization as well as in managing the human resources of the organization. In order to achieve success in these perspectives, there is an essential need for choosing an efficient program that promotes an improvement in the business process. The process of making such a choice is the area where AHP comes into action. Since the context of the business process is liable to change according to the needs of the organization, it is important to choose a method that is reliable in the longer run of the organization. (David, Kendrick & Saaty, 2007) This is where years of experiments done by Tom Saaty come for help in the form of AHP. According to his perspectives, AHP is advantageous in the following ways: AHP is designed in such a way that it allows the management to make high valued strategic decisions and its hierarchical design allows them to develop measuring techniques that determine the differences observed in the strategic alignment. Priorities are assigned not by taking the financial considerations alone, but also including the perspectives of the other stakeholders.